The former player: 'I really hoped to continue playing'
Important note: This piece contains descriptions of racially offensive language and behaviour
Ex-England player Luther Burrell states that speaking out to reveal racism in professional rugby led his career to an premature end.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been a handful of games with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have absolutely had to retire because of what happened," he told reporters.
"I wanted to continue playing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when news came out that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was challenging - I had to just come to terms with the fate and accept that this entire process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not gather sufficient evidence to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly overlooked for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to media he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had multiple traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"This is something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the issue that I've myself suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just learn to believe that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "a deeper look at the environment within the professional level and to the implementation of an action plan for the elite level."
"We has placed significant attention on diversity and diversity in the sport and a substantial amount of work completed both before and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his encounters of racism and classism," it continued.
"The organization are continuing work with clubs and stakeholders in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person training on creating inclusive cultures, with its effectiveness monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from harmful conduct.
"You should be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary about his experiences.
"We know it has had this impact on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have done so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the filming of the film, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, maintains his work to make the sport more accessible.
His charitable organization works to reach children in disadvantaged communities and support them succeed on and off the pitch with complimentary sports training, mentoring and dietary education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if nobody else is willing to tell their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that fight because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he explained.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more confident others will feel about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I grab the challenge by the horns and continue carrying this banner and continue supporting this responsibility and do what I can to develop possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly believe that rugby has the ability to change their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022